The testing procedure and sample preparation used to determine the engineering. What are engineering properties of igneous rock answers. Cruden encyclopedia of life support systems eolss minerals forming the rock. In the following paragraphs, engineering properties of different types of rocks are given. Description and classification of weathered rocks for. Petrographic classifications can be related to the engineering properties of rock units and are important. This paper investigates the interrelationships between the engineering properties of igneous aggregate rocks from greece with the aid of the rmode factor analysis. Most of those properties are intact rock properties. Rock material properties are related to the physical properties of the rockforming minerals and the type of mineral bonding. Granite is the typical type of plutonic rocks, it consists of feldspar, quartz, a few darkcolored mineral, sand, mica.
Index properties of intact rocks id p ti fit tr kindex properties of intact rocks index properties of rocks are generally determined in the laboratory or in the field to provide an initial quantitative description of the rocks. Pdf one of the modern finishing materials for building construction is. Assessments of degree of decomposition by rock grade, rock quality designation, apparent porosity, ultrasonic velocity, and point load index are discussed from the point of view of. The change is so drastic that they miss out their initial characteristics of being an igneous or sedimentary rock. Part of the successful field guide series, this book includes revised sections on granitic and basaltic rocks and for the first time a new chapter on the engineering properties of igneous rocks. Usbr engineering geology field manual volume 1 chapter 4. The rock mass rating rmr value depends upon the rock quality and its value vary from 0 to 100. The composition of intermediate rocks includes feldspar, amphibole, pyroxene, biotite and quartz. The texture of an igneous rock finegrained vs coarsegrained is dependent on the rate of. Engineering properties of fresh and decomposed igneous. The magma can cool below the earths crust, or erupt as lava and cool on the earths surface. The engineering parameters of igneous rocks are controlled by several inherent and environmental parameters while one of the most signi. The magma cools slowly and as a result these rocks are coarse grained e. Engineering properties of soils and rocks 3rd edition.
For this identification procedure, three characteristics of minerals will be of major importance. They can be used to estimate the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the rocks. Igneous rock, also known as volcanic rock, is formed by the cooling of magma or lava. This is the part01 of engineering properties of rocks in this lecture we have discussed the following topic in details. They are created when hot magma from deep within the earth cools and hardens. Continuing the asteroid impact challenge, student teams test rocks to identify their physical properties such as luster, hardness, color, etc. The field description of igneous rocks, 2nd edition wiley. The geological field guide series is specifically designed for scientists and students to use in the field when information and resources may be more. Using factor analysis to determine the interrelationships. The classification for igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, and pyroclastic rocks. Pdf statistical analysis of mechanical and physical properties of. Extrusive or volcanic rocks crystallize from lava at the earths surface.
Lectures on rock mechanicslectures on rock mechanics sarvesh chandrasarvesh chandra professor. The importance of igneous rocks in civil engineering. Rock type origin igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary. Ppt engineering properties of igneous rock nebeokike. Environmental engineering and geology department, faculty of mines.
Engineering properties of rock is essential in assessing the strength bearing capacity of rocks in engineering construction. How to correlate the properties of rock studied inhow to correlate the properties of rock studied in. In general, finegrained and basic igneous rocks compared to the acidic and coarsegrained ones possess higher engineering quality and lower abrasiveness potential. One important use is as stone for buildings and statues. This type of rock is classified by cooling time and the type of magma it is formed from. Igneous rocks that cool into a solid material are known as. Using factor analysis to determine the interrelationships between the engineering properties of aggregates from igneous rocks in greece article pdf available in minerals 812. Before the unit begins, students will collect a pet rock to use throughout the unit, especially in arc 1 and 2, to learn about rocks and minerals. Igneous rocks are formed by the crystallization or solidification of molten material or magma. Rocks have very much importance in engineering point of view. It can be used in industrial applications, and as construction materials. These features can be found in all stratified sedimentary rocks, most volcanic flows, and some lowgrade metamorphic rocks. Geologic rock unit names should be simple, and general rock names should be based on either field identification, existing literature, or detailed petrographic examination, as well as engineering properties.
The properties of these rocks vary greatly, including their chemical composition, grain structure, texture and color. Since minerals are the components of rocks, their identifica tion is an integral part of proper rock identification. The properties of rocks depend upon their mineral composition texture, and struc ture. Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock derived from lava and spread over different localities in jordan. This combination is generated only deep in the crust by tectonic forces that operate on a grand scale, so granofels is a product of regional, rather than contact, metamorphism. The importance of igneous rocks in civil engineering answers. Some useful numbers on the engineering properties of materials geologic and otherwise geol 615 coefficient of sliding friction for most rocks, varies between 0. The rocks formed by the molten rocks magma or lava are called igneous rock. Granofels are one of the few nonfoliated rocks to form under relatively high temperatures and pressures. Intermediate igneous rock is formed by magma that has a composition between felsic and mafic. Engineering properties of rocks, second edition, explores the use of typical values andor empirical correlations of similar rocks to determine the specific parameters needed. The main chemical propositions of the granite are sio 2 65% 70%, a little of al 2 o 3,cao,mgo and fe 2 o 3, thus the granite is acid rock. Diorite was used extensively by ancient civilizations for vases and other decorative artwork and is still used for art today figure 1. Pdf statistical analysis of mechanical and physical.
Estimating engineering properties of igneous rocks using semi. Lectures on rock mechanicslectures on rock mechanics. It is typically formed by subduction zones involving oceanic plates. The monograph is recommended for engineers who would like to know about the properties of soils and rocks and the application of their study in the field of engineering. All civil engineering structures are built on rock so. A statement on the weathered state of a rock, or engineering soil, comprised only one element of a scheme of description in which the rock name was prefixed by selected descriptive terms of the rock in the hand specimen as a material and in the mass, with suffixes used to indicate the main engineering properties, one of which was the estimated. Prediction of mechanical properties of igneous rocks under combined compression and shear loading through statistical analysis article pdf available in rock mechanics and rock engineering. In building materials in civil engineering, 2011 2 natural granite. One of the modern finishing materials for building construction is igneous rock.
Rock mass properties are important for design and stability of engineering structures, and are controlled by the nature of discontinuities present in a rock mass. Igneous rocks that crystallize slowly beneath the earth s surface, typically have visible individual minerals. Strength compressive strength transverse strength 2. Rock mass classification systems, which take into account the nature of discontinuities, are used to characterize the engineering behavior of rock masses.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. Chapter 4 engineering classification of rock materials. The mineral composition of each class of igneous rock has its own typical constituent. Massive igneous rocks such as batholiths may affect tunneling, mining slope stability. Balasubramanian centre for advanced studies in earth science university of mysore mysore6 2. Overall, it was found that mineralogical composition and rock fabric characteristics provide a suitable complement to reliably predict engineering. This diorite statue was made in approximately 2090 bc. The results imply that mineralogical composition tends to be more important than rock fabric characteristics in determining the engineering properties of igneous rocks. These are typical landforms and then we move on to the characteristics of the rock. The collected samples represent mafic and ultramafic rocks from the ophiolite complexes of gerania, guevgueli, verianaousa, and edessa as well as intermediateacidic rocks from the surrounding areas of the complexes. Properties of rocks for engineering and construction purposes. Pdf prediction of mechanical properties of igneous rocks. The magma is usually of silicate composition but other compositions, for example, carbonates occur. For various other purposes, including those for engineering usage, rocks have been classified on the basis of their properties, such as strength, void index, degree of weathering, etc.
Types of igneous rocks intrusive or plutonic igneous rocks these rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies within the earths crust. They complete a data table to record all of the rock properties, and then answer worksheet questions to deepen their understanding of rock properties and relate them to the cavern design problem. Prediction of engineering properties of basalt rock in. Texture and structure comprise the fabric in which the individual components of the rock are arranged. The charnockite suite or series is a particularly widespread form of granofels. This second set of lecture notes focuses on physical properties such as weathering potential, slaking potential, swelling potential, hardness, abrasiveness, and other properties such as porosity, density, water content, etc. The engineering geology field manual, in conjunction with the engineering geology office manual, forms the basis for the mutually beneficial exchange of ideas by reclamation geologists. All intrusive rocks, when fresh and unweathered have high crushing and shearing strengths and unless fractured too small, are satisfactory for all types of engineering construction operations.
Igneous rocks are one form of rocks commonly found on the earth. When different types of minerals are joined together, they form a rock. Igneous rock, any of various crystalline or glassy rocks formed by the cooling and solidification of molten earth material. In this unit, students will learn about rocks and minerals as well as processesthat shape the earth. Todays lesson will be on igneous rock that means the rock that. Chapter 6 engineering properties of soil and rock nysdot geotechnical page 68 june 17, 20 design manual 6. Engineering properties of fresh and decomposed igneous rocks. Petrography and engineering properties of igneous rocks. Civil engineers, mining engineers and engineering geologists require a working knowledge of the engineering properties and behaviour of the different soil and rock types.
The influence of degree of decomposition on the strength and elasticity of fresh to highly decomposed igneous rocks in hong kong is described and. This study was focused on determining the relationships between mechanical and physical properties of igneous rocks. The two major properties used to classify igneous rock are. Crystal sizetexturesmall crystals are indicative of rapid above ground cooling of lava into what is classified as extrusive igneous. The book is based on the authors extensive experience and offers a single source of information for the evaluation of rock properties. They often provide an excellent source of concrete aggregates and other types of construction materials. These rocks stand true to their naming since they are usually igneous or sedimentary rocks that have changed their properties greatly. The text also includes the engineering behavior and properties, classification and description, discontinuities, and weathering of rocks and rock masses. The influence of degree of decomposition on the strength and elasticity of fresh to highly decomposed igneous rocks in hong kong is described and summarized. Extrusive igneous rocks tend to cool much more rapidly, and the minerals grow quicker and can not get as large. Model to assess the quality of magmatic rocks for reliable. The inherent parameters can be determined by their petrographical properties, which control the engineering properties of igneous rocks. Estimating engineering properties of igneous rocks using. Mineral composition controls such properties as hardness, density, and solu, bill.
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